OPTICAL VOLTAMMETRY: The group have developed tools that have enabled the optical tracking of electron transfer processes at molecular scales (through the coupling of redox state to emission in both biomolecular and molecular systems) and microscopic voltammetry.

REDOX DISPERSION & MOLECULAR LEVEL ANALYSES: The group have also pioneered the conductance gating of controllably integrated biomolecules by redox means and, within this, an additional means of mapping molecular variance across a population.

MOLECULAR FILM CAPACITANCE SPECTROSCOPY: The group, with collaborators in Brazil, have also developed fundamentally new capacitance and impedance methods that both shed light on the structural and dielectric characteristics of molecular films and underpin advances in molecular sensing.